R16 a 5W ceramic wire wound bleeder or dummy load. R15 is a part of an attenuator for obtaining ranges. D2 is a protection clamp diode. R10-D1 forms the 5V reference for comparators. Then an attenuator obtains 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 V steps for each comparator. This circuit is similar to Audio Level meter or VU meter circuit.
The comparator compares the battery sample voltage to the fixed reference step. If '+' pin is more positive than '-', or is '+' is more dominant, then output goes floating 'open collector', so No LED light . But if '-' is more dominant the output transistor of comparator goes low impedance or saturates or turns 'ON'. But only spec current can be switched, do not compare with electrical switch 'ON'. Also on a dual supply 0V is more dominant or positive compared with -12V, even though it appears -12V is a big number. The direction of current is what decides, all measurements are relative.
The comparator compares the battery sample voltage to the fixed reference step. If '+' pin is more positive than '-', or is '+' is more dominant, then output goes floating 'open collector', so No LED light . But if '-' is more dominant the output transistor of comparator goes low impedance or saturates or turns 'ON'. But only spec current can be switched, do not compare with electrical switch 'ON'. Also on a dual supply 0V is more dominant or positive compared with -12V, even though it appears -12V is a big number. The direction of current is what decides, all measurements are relative.
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